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1862–63 United States Senate elections

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1862–63 United States Senate elections
← 1860 & 1861 Various dates 1864 & 1865 →
22 of the 68 seats in the United States Senate[a] (with special elections)
25 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader John P. Hale[b]
(retired)
Party Republican Democratic
Leader since March 4, 1859
Leader's seat New Hampshire
Last election 29 seats 30 seats
Seats before 31 11
Seats won 32 10
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 1
Seats up 10 5
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Union Unconditional Union
Last election New party New party
Seats before 6 Steady
Seats won 5 1
Seat change Decrease 1 Increase 1
Seats up 4 Steady
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Unionist Hold      Unconditional Unionist Gain
     Confederacy
Majority Party before election


Republican

Elected Majority Party


Republican

The 1862–63 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, occurring during the American Civil War. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1862 and 1863, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

Since many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

The Republican Party increased their control of the Senate by gaining three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.

Results summary

[edit]

Senate party division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)

  • Majority party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
  • Minority party: Democratic (10)
  • Other parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
  • Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
  • Total seats: 48, later rose to 50

Change in composition

[edit]

Before the elections

[edit]

At the beginning of 1862.

V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7
Fla.
No race 		V8
Miss.
No race 		V9
Tenn.
No race 		V10
Texas
No race 		D1 D2 D3 D4
U4
Md.
Unknown 		U3 U2 U1 U10
Mo.
Expelled 		D9
Minn.
Retired 		D8
Del.
Ran 		D7
Calif.
Ran 		D6 D5
U5
Ind.
Retired 		U6
Va.
Retired 		R32
N.J.
Retired 		R31
Pa.
Retired 		R30
R.I.
Unknown 		R29
Wis.
Ran 		R28
Vt.
Ran 		R27
Ohio
Ran 		R26
N.Y.
Ran 		R25
Mich.
Ran
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22
Conn.
Ran 		R23
Maine
Ran 		R24
Mass.
Ran
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 R1 R2 R3 R4
V17 V18 V19 V20

As a result of the elections

[edit]
V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7
Fla.
No race 		V8
Miss.
No race 		V9
Tenn.
No race 		V10
Texas
No race 		D1 D2 D3 D4
U4
Md.
Hold 		U3 U2 U1 D10
Pa.
Gain 		D9
N.J.
Gain[c] 		D8
Ind.
Gain[c] 		D7
Del.
Re-elected 		D6 D5
U5
Va.
Hold 		UU1
Mo.
Gain[d] 		R32
Minn.
Gain 		R31
Calif.
Gain 		R30
R.I.
Hold 		R29
N.Y.
Hold 		R28
Wis.
Re-elected 		R27
Vt.
Re-elected 		R26
Ohio
Re-elected 		R25
Mich.
Re-elected
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22
Conn.
Re-elected 		R23
Maine
Re-elected 		R24
Mass.
Re-elected
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 R1 R2 R3 R4
V17 V18 V19 V20

Beginning of the next Congress

[edit]
V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 D1 D2 D3
Ill.
Gain[c] 		D4
U4 U3 U2 U1 D9 D9
N.J.
Gain[c] 		D8
Ind.
Gain[c] 		D7 D6 D5
UU3
Md.
Changed 		UU2
Mo.
Changed 		UU1 R31 R30
R.I.
Hold[c] 		R29 R28 R27 R26 R25
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 R1 R2 R3 R4
V17 V18 V19 V20
Key:
D# Democratic
R# Republican
UU# Unconditional Unionist
U# Unionist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

[edit]

Special elections during the preceding Congress

[edit]

Special elections were held to fill six vacancies in the 37th United States Congress.

State Incumbent This race
Senator Party Electoral
history 		Results Candidates
Michigan
(Class 2) 		Kinsley S. Bingham Republican 1858 Incumbent died October 5, 1861.
New member elected January 4, 1862.
Republican hold. 		First ballot (January 4, 1862)
  • ▌Green tickY Jacob M. Howard (Republican) 75 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 28 STooltip Michigan Senate
  • ▌ Alpheus Felch (Democratic) 10 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 2 STooltip Michigan Senate
Oregon
(Class 2) 		Benjamin Stark Democratic 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected.
New senator elected September 12, 1862.
Democratic hold.
Rhode Island
(Class 1) 		James F. Simmons Republican 1841
1847 (lost)
1856 		Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him.
New senator elected September 5, 1862.[2][3]
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate to the next term.
Missouri
(Class 1) 		John B. Henderson Emancipation 1862 (ap.) Interim appointee elected January 6, 1863. First ballot (January 6, 1863)
Illinois
(Class 2) 		Orville H. Browning Republican 1861 (ap.) Interim appointee retired.
New member elected January 12, 1863.
Democratic gain. 		First ballot (January 12, 1863)
Indiana
(Class 1) 		Joseph A. Wright Union 1862 (ap.) Interim appointee retired.
New member elected January 14, 1863.
Democratic gain. 		First ballot (January 14, 1863)
New Jersey
(Class 1) 		Richard S. Field Republican 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected.
New senator elected January 14, 1863.
Democratic gain.
Winner was not elected to the next term.

Elections leading to the next Congress

[edit]

Eighteen senators were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863.

State Incumbent This race
Senator Party Electoral
history 		Results Candidates
California Milton Latham Democratic 1860 (sp.) Incumbent retired.
Union gain. 		First ballot (February 10, 1863)
Connecticut James Dixon Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected with a new party.
Union gain. 		First ballot (May 22, 1862)
  • ▌Green tickY James Dixon (Union) 162 HTooltip Connecticut House of Representatives; 19 STooltip Connecticut Senate
  • ▌ Charles Chapman (Democratic) 57 HTooltip Connecticut House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Connecticut Senate
  • ▌ William A. Buckingham (Union) 2 HTooltip Connecticut House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Connecticut Senate
  • ▌ Orris S. Ferry (Union) 2 HTooltip Connecticut House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Connecticut Senate
  • Blank 1 HTooltip Connecticut House of Representatives; 1 STooltip Connecticut Senate
Delaware James A. Bayard Democratic 1851
1857 		Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 8, 1863)
Florida Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.
No election. 		None.
Indiana Joseph A. Wright Union 1862 (ap.) Interim appointee lost re-election.
Democratic gain. 		First ballot (January 14, 1863)
Maine Lot M. Morrill Republican 1861 (sp.) Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 13, 1863)
  • ▌Green tickY Lot M. Morrill (Republican) 95 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 25 STooltip Maine Senate
  • ▌ William P. Haines (Democratic) 42 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 1 STooltip Maine Senate
Maryland Anthony Kennedy Union 1856–57 Incumbent retired.
Union hold. 		First ballot (March 5, 1862)
Massachusetts Charles Sumner Republican 1851
1857 		Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 15, 1863)
  • ▌Green tickY Charles Sumner (Republican) 194 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 33 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌ Josiah G. Abbott (People's) 38 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 5 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌ Caleb Cushing (Democratic) 2 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌ Charles F. Adams (Republican) 1 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 1 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
Michigan Zachariah Chandler Republican 1857 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 8, 1863)
  • ▌Green tickY Zachariah Chandler (Republican) 60 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 18 STooltip Michigan Senate
  • ▌ James F. Joy (Democratic) 34 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 11 STooltip Michigan Senate
  • ▌ Alpheus Felch (Democratic) 0 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 2 STooltip Michigan Senate
  • Scattering 1 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 1 STooltip Michigan Senate
Minnesota Henry Mower Rice Democratic 1858 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain. 		First ballot (January 14, 1863)
Mississippi Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.
No election. 		None.
Missouri John B. Henderson Emancipation 1863 (sp.) Incumbent re-elected with a new party.
Radical Union gain. 		First ballot (November 13, 1863)
New Jersey John Renshaw Thomson Democratic 1853 (special)
1857 		Incumbent died September 12, 1862.
New senator elected in 1862 or 1863.
Democratic hold.
New York Preston King Republican 1857 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected February 3, 1863.
Republican hold
Ohio Benjamin Wade Republican 1851
1856 		Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Pennsylvania David Wilmot Republican 1861 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 13, 1863.
Democratic gain.
Rhode Island James F. Simmons Republican 1841
1847 (lost)
1856 		Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him.
New senator elected in 1862.
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate to finish the term.
Tennessee Vacant Seat vacant from March 4, 1862.
No election. 		None.
Texas Vacant Seat vacant from July 11, 1861.
No election. 		None.
Vermont Solomon Foot Republican 1850
1856 		Incumbent re-elected in 1862.
Virginia Waitman T. Willey Unionist 1861 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1863.
Unionist hold.
West Virginia
2 seats 		None (new state) West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863.
Senator elected August 4, 1863.
Unconditional Unionist gain.
West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863.
Senator elected August 4, 1863.
Unconditional Unionist gain.
Wisconsin James R. Doolittle Republican 1857 Incumbent re-elected on January 22, 1863.[5]

Special elections during the next Congress

[edit]

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent This race
Senator Party Electoral
history 		Results Candidates


Missouri
(Class 3) 		Robert Wilson Conservative 1862 (ap.) Interim appointee retired.
New member elected November 13, 1863.
Radical Union gain. 		Thirty-second ballot (November 13, 1863)

California

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in California
See also: List of United States senators from California and 1863 United States House of Representatives election in California
California election
← 1860 (special) February 10, 1863 1867 →
Members of the California State Legislature
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee John Conness Benjamin Shurtleff
Party Union Democratic
1st ballot 98 (86.0%) 15 (13.2%)
Senator before election

Milton Latham
Lecompton Democratic

Elected Senator

John Conness
Union

Incumbent Democrat Milton Latham was elected in 1860 to fill the vacancy created by the death of David C. Broderick.[6] He was not a candidate for re-election.[7]

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus from January 13 to February 9, 1863.[8] Timothy G. Phelps, John Conness, Aaron A. Sargent, and Trenor W. Park were the major candidates. Phelps led on the first ballot, but without a majority. During the balloting, an internal inquiry found that Phelps's supporters had offered bribes to several members in exchange for their votes. Although Phelps denied the allegations, the stigma of corruption in effect ended his candidacy.[9] Conness was nominated on the final ballot with 60 votes to 29 for Sargent, three for Phelps, and eight for other candidates.[10]

The California State Legislature met in joint session on February 10, 1863, to hold an election for the next term.[11] Conness defeated the Democratic candidate Benjamin Shurtleff on the first ballot.[12]

Connecticut

[edit]
Main article: 1862 United States Senate election in Connecticut
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut
Connecticut election
← 1856 May 22, 1862 1868 →
Members of the Connecticut General Assembly
Majority in both houses needed to win
 
Nominee James Dixon Charles Chapman
Party Union Democratic
House 162 (72.3%) 57 (25.4%)
Senate 19 (95.0%) —
Senator before election

James Dixon
Republican

Elected Senator

James Dixon
Union

One-term Republican James Dixon was elected in 1856.[6]

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus on May 15, 1862. Dixon, William A. Buckingham, Roger S. Baldwin, and Orris S. Ferry were the leading candidates. Dixon defeated the other candidates on the first ballot.[13]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on May 22, 1862, to hold an election for the next term.[13] Dixon defeated the Democratic candidate Charles Chapman on the first ballot.[14]

Delaware

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Delaware
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1862 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
Delaware election
← 1857 January 8, 1863 1864 (special) →
Members of the Delaware General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee James A. Bayard Edward G. Bradford
Party Democratic Union
1st ballot 19 (65.5%) 10 (34.5%)
Senator before election

James A. Bayard
Democratic

Elected Senator

James A. Bayard
Democratic

Two-term Democrat James A. Bayard was re-elected in 1857.[15]

The Delaware General Assembly met in joint session on January 8, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Bayard defeated the Union candidate Edward G. Bradford on the first ballot.[16][17]

Florida

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Florida
Florida election
← 1857 No election 1868 (special) →
Senator before election

None (vacant from March 14, 1861)

 Elected Senator

None

Two-term Democrat Stephen Mallory withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Florida. The Florida Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1868.[18]

Illinois (special)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate special election in Illinois
See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois
Illinois special election
← 1859 January 12, 1863 1865 →
Members of the Illinois General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee William A. Richardson Richard Yates
Party Democratic Union
1st ballot 65 (63.1%) 38 (36.9%)
Senator before election

Orville H. Browning
Republican

Elected Senator

William A. Richardson
Democratic

Incumbent Republican Orville H. Browning was appointed in 1861 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Stephen A. Douglas.[19] He was not a candidate for re-election.

The Illinois General Assembly met on January 12, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. The Democratic candidate William A. Richardson defeated the Union candidate Richard Yates on the first ballot.[20]

Indiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana

Incumbent Unionist Joseph A. Wright was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Jesse D. Bright. With Bright's expulsion coming little more than a year before the end of his term on March 4, 1863, the Indiana General Assembly would hold concurrent elections in January 1863: a special election for the remainder of the unexpired term, and the regularly scheduled election for the next term.[21]

The Democratic members of the legislature held a caucus on January 9, 1863. David Turpie was nominated for the unexpired term and Thomas A. Hendricks was nominated for the next term.[22]

The General Assembly met in joint session on January 14, 1863, to hold concurrent elections for both terms. Turpie and Hendricks were respectively elected.[23]

Indiana (special)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate special election in Indiana
Indiana special election
← 1857 January 14, 1863 1863 →
Members of the Indiana General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee David Turpie Daniel D. Pratt
Party Democratic Union
1st ballot 85 (57.8%) 62 (42.2%)
Senator before election

Joseph A. Wright
Union

Elected Senator

David Turpie
Democratic

Wright was not a candidate in the special election. Turpie defeated the Union candidate Daniel D. Pratt on the first ballot.[24]

Indiana (regular)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Indiana
Indiana election
← 1863 (special) January 14, 1863 1869 →
Members of the Indiana General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee Thomas A. Hendricks Joseph A. Wright
Party Democratic Union
1st ballot 85 (57.8%) 61 (41.5%)
Senator before election

Joseph A. Wright
Union

Elected Senator

Thomas A. Hendricks
Democratic

Turpie was not a candidate for the next term. Hendricks defeated Wright on the first ballot.[25]

Maine

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Maine
See also: List of United States senators from Maine
Maine election
← 1861 (special) January 13, 1863 1869 →
Members of the Maine Legislature
Majority in both houses needed to win
 
Nominee Lot M. Morrill William P. Haines
Party Republican Democratic
House 95 (68.3%) 42 (30.2%)
Senate 25 (96.2%) 1 (3.8%)
Senator before election

Lot M. Morrill
Republican

Elected Senator

Lot M. Morrill
Republican

Incumbent Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected in 1861 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Hannibal Hamlin.[26]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 13, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Morrill defeated the Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.[27]

Maryland

[edit]
Main article: 1862 United States Senate election in Maryland
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
Maryland election
← 1856–57 March 5, 1862 1868–69 →
Members of the Maryland General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee Reverdy Johnson Blank
Party Union
1st ballot 56 (66.7%) 28 (33.3%)
Senator before election

Anthony Kennedy
Union

Elected Senator

Reverdy Johnson
Union

One-term Unionist Anthony Kennedy was elected in 1856 or 1857.[28] He was not a candidate for re-election.

The Maryland General Assembly met on March 5, 1862, to hold an election for the next term. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Delegates, after which the tellers withdrew and to count the ballots in the Senate chamber. The Union candidate Reverdy Johnson was elected on the first ballot.[29]

Massachusetts

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts election
← 1857 January 15, 1863 1869 →
Members of the Massachusetts General Court
Majority in both houses needed to win
 
Nominee Charles Sumner Josiah G. Abbott
Party Republican People's
House 194 (82.6%) 38 (16.2%)
Senate 33 (84.6%) 5 (12.8%)
Senator before election

Charles Sumner
Republican

Elected Senator

Charles Sumner
Republican

Two-term Republican Charles Sumner was re-elected in 1857.[30]

The Republican state convention met at Worcester, Massachusetts, on September 9, 1862. Sumner had earned the disapproval of Conservative Republicans when he opposed Lincoln's plan for gradual emancipation in March 1862, calling instead for Congress to use its authority under the War Powers Clause to abolish slavery immediately. Seeking to preempt a movement to replace Sumner at the next senatorial election, Sumner's allies took the unusual step of having the state convention endorse his bid for re-election. A resolution endorsing Sumner and approving his course in the Senate passed over the protests of conservative delegates, in effect making Sumner's re-election the central issue of the fall campaign.[31]

Conservative opponents of Sumner held a convention at Boston on October 7, 1862.[32] Many of the organizers of the convention were former Whigs who had supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.[33] In a nod to antipartisan wartime rhetoric, the movement called itself the People's Party; its express purpose was to defeat Sumner's bid for reelection. The convention adopted a pro-war, anti-abolitionist platform and selected candidates for the upcoming state elections; Charles F. Adams was nominated for U.S. senator, but declined. The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, issued September 22, had brought the Lincoln administration into line with Sumner's position, while the endorsement of the People's ticket by the Massachusetts Democratic Party undermined the movement's claim to constitute the true pro-administration party in Massachusetts. Following these events, most Conservative Republicans returned to the fold, and the Republican ticket was elected by a large majority.[34]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 15, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Sumner defeated the People's candidate Josiah G. Abbott on the first ballot.[35]

Michigan

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan

There were two elections in Michigan, due to the death of Kinsley S. Bingham.

Michigan (special)

[edit]
Main article: 1862 United States Senate special election in Michigan
Michigan special election
← 1858 January 4, 1862 1865 →
Members of the Michigan Legislature
Majority in both houses needed to win
 
Nominee Jacob M. Howard Alpheus Felch
Party Republican Democratic
House 75 (88.2%) 10 (11.8%)
Senate 28 (93.3%) 2 (6.7%)
Senator before election

None (vacant from October 5, 1861)

 Elected Senator

Jacob M. Howard
Republican

One-term Republican Kinsley S. Bingham was elected in 1858. Bingham died on October 5, 1861, causing a special election.[36]

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 3, 1862. Jacob M. Howard, Austin Blair, Hezekiah G. Wells, and Henry Waldron were the leading candidates. Howard was nominated on the sixth ballot.[37]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 4, 1862, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Howard defeated the Democratic candidate Alpheus Felch on the first ballot.[38]

Michigan (regular)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Michigan
Michigan election
← 1857 January 8, 1863 1869 →
Members of the Michigan Legislature
Majority in both houses needed to win
 
Nominee Zachariah Chandler James F. Joy Alpheus Felch
Party Republican Democratic Democratic
House 60 (63.2%) 34 (35.8%) —
Senate 18 (56.2%) 11 (34.4%) 2 (6.2%)
Senator before election

Zachariah Chandler
Republican

Elected Senator

Zachariah Chandler
Republican

One-term Republican Zachariah Chandler was elected in 1857.[36]

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 8, 1863. Chandler was renominated unanimously. The Democratic members met the same day and nominated James F. Joy over Alpheus Felch.[39]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 8, 1863, to hold an election for the next term.[40] Chandler defeated Joy on the first ballot.[39]

Minnesota

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Minnesota
See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota
Minnesota election
← 1858 January 14, 1863 1869 →
Members of the Minnesota Legislature
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee Alexander Ramsey Andrew G. Chatfield
Party Republican Democratic
1st ballot 45 (72.6%) 17 (27.4%)
Senator before election

Henry M. Rice
Democratic

Elected Senator

Alexander Ramsey
Republican

One-term Democrat Henry M. Rice was elected in 1858.[36] He was not a candidate for re-election.

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus from January 12–13, 1863. Alexander Ramsey, Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, William R. Marshall, and James Smith, Jr. were the major candidates.[41] Ramsey defeated Smith on the 25th ballot.[42]

The Minnesota Legislature met in joint session on January 14, 1863.[43] Ramsey defeated the Democratic candidate Andrew G. Chatfield on the first ballot.[44]

Mississippi

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi
Mississippi election
← 1856–57 No election 1870 (special) →
Senator before election

None (vacant from March 14, 1861)

 Elected Senator

None

One-term Democrat Jefferson Davis withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Mississippi. The Mississippi Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1870.[45]

Missouri

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri

Three elections were held in Missouri, due to the expulsions of Trusten Polk and Waldo P. Johnson. With Polk's expulsion coming little more than a year before the end of his term on March 4, 1863, the Missouri General Assembly would hold special elections for both seats, followed by the regularly-scheduled election for the Class 1 seat.

Missouri Unionists were divided in their responses to emancipation and the related issue of Reconstruction. Three main ideological camps emerged: radical Charcoals, who supported immediate emancipation; conservative Claybanks, who favored Lincoln's initial plan of gradual emancipation; and ultra-conservative Snowflakes, who opposed emancipation altogether.[46] In St. Louis, the ideological divide resulted in a formal split between the Immediatist and Gradualist wings of the Emancipation Party.[47] Elections held in the fall of 1862 resulted in a clear majority for the Emancipationists in the General Assembly, while five conservatives and four radicals were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.[48][e]

The Emancipation members of the legislature held a caucus on January 3, 1863.[50] The conservatives boycotted the proceedings.[51] John B. Henderson was nominated for the Class 1 seat and B. Gratz Brown was nominated for the Class 3 seat.[50]

The General Assembly met in joint session on January 6, 1863, to hold concurrent special elections for both seats.[52] Henderson was elected to the Class 1 seat for the term ending March 4. The special election for the Class 3 seat remained deadlocked after multiple rounds of voting, and the joint session adjourned without making a choice.[53]

The joint session reconvened in November 1863. In the interim, the radicals held a convention at Jefferson City that organized the Radical Union Party. The meeting nominated Brown for the Class 3 seat and Benjamin F. Loan for the Class 1 seat. The two conservative factions were aligned in support of the administration of Hamilton R. Gamble, but lacked a formal party organization.[54] Closely-fought judicial elections in the fall of 1863 helped to clarify party lines.[53] In the legislature, the Radical Unionists had 65 votes on the joint ballot, just short of an overall majority. The Radical Union members and Henderson-aligned conservatives held a caucus after the first round of voting on November 12 and agreed to form a coalition.[55] Brown was subsequently elected to the Class 3 seat and Henderson was re-elected to the Class 1 seat for the next term.[56]

Missouri (Class 1, special)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate special elections in Missouri
Missouri (Class 1) special election
← 1857 January 6, 1863 1863 →
Members of the Missouri General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee John B. Henderson Robert Wilson
Party Emancipation Union
Faction Conservative Conservative
1st ballot 104 (68.4%) 47 (30.9%)
Senator before election

John B. Henderson
Emancipation

Elected Senator

John B. Henderson
Emancipation

Incumbent Emancipationist John B. Henderson was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Trusten Polk.[45]

The General Assembly met on January 6, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Henderson defeated the conservative candidate Robert Wilson on the first ballot.[57]

Missouri (Class 3, special)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate special elections in Missouri
Missouri (Class 3) special election
← 1861
1867 →
First session
January 6–11, 1863;
February 2–11, 1863
Members of the Missouri General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee John S. Phelps Robert F. Wingate B. Gratz Brown
Party Democratic Emancipation Emancipation
Faction Conservative Radical Radical
1st ballot 51 (33.1%) — 51 (33.1%)
30th ballot 47 (33.3%) 31 (22.0%) 29 (20.6%)
 
Nominee Samuel M. Breckinridge Samuel T. Glover
Party Emancipation Emancipation
Faction Conservative Conservative
1st ballot 11 (7.1%) 34 (22.1%)
30th ballot 28 (19.8%) —
Adjourned session
November 12–13, 1863
Members of the Missouri General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee B. Gratz Brown James Broadhead John S. Phelps
Party Radical Union Conservative Conservative
31st ballot 62 (50.0%) 39 (29.5%) 30 (22.7%)
32nd ballot 74 (52.5%) 65 (46.1%) —
Senator before election

Robert Wilson
Conservative

Elected Senator

B. Gratz Brown
Radical Union

Incumbent conservative Robert Wilson was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Waldo P. Johnson.[58] He was not a candidate for re-election to the Class 3 seat.

The General Assembly met from January 6–11, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term.[52] Democrat John S. Phelps and Emancipationists B. Gratz Brown, Samuel T. Glover, Samuel M. Breckinridge, John W. Noell, and James Broadhead were candidates on the first ballot.[59] No candidate had a majority after the sixth ballot, and the joint session adjourned.[60]

The joint session met again from February 2–11, 1863. Phelps, Brown, Glover, Breckinridge, and Broadhead were candidates.[61] Noell's name was withdrawn, after which Phelps led on the seventh ballot, but without a majority.[62] No candidate had a majority after the thirtieth ballot, and the joint session adjourned.[63]

The joint session met a third time from November 12–13, 1863.[64] Brown was nominated by the Radical Unionists, while Broadhead received the votes of most of the Conservative members.[53] Brown defeated Broadhead on the 32nd ballot.[65]

Missouri (regular)

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Missouri
Missouri election
← 1863 (special) November 13, 1863 1868 →
Members of the Missouri General Assembly
Majority of voting members needed to win
 
Nominee John B. Henderson John S. Phelps Benjamin F. Loan
Party Radical Union Conservative Radical Union
1st ballot 84 (60.9%) 42 (30.4%) 7 (5.1%)
Senator before election

John B. Henderson
Emancipation

Elected Senator

John B. Henderson
Radical Union

Incumbent Emancipationist John B. Henderson was elected in 1863 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Trusten Polk.[45]

The General Assembly met on November 13, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Henderson defeated Phelps on the first ballot.[66]

New Jersey

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey

In both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.

New Jersey (special)

[edit]
Senator James W. Wall

Elected January 14, 1863

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature[67]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James W. Wall 53 67.1
Republican Richard S. Field 23 29.1
Unknown William Cook 1 1.3
Republican William A. Newell 2 2.5

Wall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.

New Jersey (regular)

[edit]
Senator William Wright

Former senator William Wright was elected February 26, 1863.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature[68]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William Wright 54 68.4
Republican William A. Newell 25 31.6

Wright would serve until his death in 1866.

New York

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.

At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.

The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.[f] The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,[69] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.[70]

The caucus of Republican[g] State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859–1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.

1863 Republican caucus for United States Senator result
Office Candidate Informal
ballot 		First
ballot 		Second
ballot
U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan 25 39 50
Preston King 19 16 11
Daniel S. Dickinson 15 11 13
Charles B. Sedgwick 11 7 1
David Dudley Field 7 5 2
Henry J. Raymond 6 8 9
Ward Hunt 4
Henry R. Selden 1
blank 1

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.

In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.

In the state senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.

Both houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.

Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.

House Republican Democrat Also ran
State Senate
(32 members) 		Edwin D. Morgan 23 Erastus Corning 7
State Assembly
(128 members)
first ballot 		Edwin D. Morgan 64 Erastus Corning 62 John Adams Dix 1 Fernando Wood 1
State Assembly
(128 members)
second ballot 		Erastus Corning 63 John Adams Dix 65
State Legislature
(160 members)
joint ballot 		Edwin D. Morgan 86 Erastus Corning 70 John Adams Dix 1 Daniel S. Dickinson 1

Ohio

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

Oregon (special)

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1862 United States House of Representatives election in Oregon

Pennsylvania

[edit]
Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[71]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:

State Legislature Results[71][72]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles R. Buckalew 67 50.38
Republican Simon Cameron 65 48.87
Republican William D. Kelley 1 0.75
Totals 133 100.00%

Rhode Island

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island

Two-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.

Rhode Island (special)

[edit]
Senator Samuel G. Arnold

Republican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.

Rhode Island (regular)

[edit]
Senator William Sprague IV

Republican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term.

Tennessee

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee
Tennessee election
← 1857 No election 1866 (special) →
Senator before election

None (vacant from March 4, 1862)

 Elected Senator

None

Incumbent Democrat Andrew Johnson resigned on March 4, 1862, following his appointment as military governor of Tennessee. The Tennessee General Assembly did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1866.[73]

Texas

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Texas
Texas election
← 1859 (special) No election 1870 (special) →
Senator before election

None (vacant from July 11, 1861)

 Elected Senator

None

Incumbent Democrat Louis T. Wigfall was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861. The Texas Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1870.[74]

Vermont

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont

Virginia

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

West Virginia

[edit]
1863 United States Senate election in West Virginia
August 4, 1863 1865 →
1869 →
Needed to win: Majority support of the Joint Session of the Legislature[h]
 
Candidate Waitman Willey Peter Van Winkle Archibald Campbell
Party Uncond. Union Uncond. Union Republican
First ballot 50 votes
73.5% 		22 votes
32.3% 		27 votes
39.7%
Sixth ballot Elected 46 votes
68.6% 		12 votes
17.9%
 
Candidate Others
First ballot 34 votes
50.0%
Sixth ballot 9 votes
13.4%
Elected U.S. senators

Waitman Willey (UU)
Peter Van Winkle (UU)

See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia

There were two races for the new state.

Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.

Van Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.

Before being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.

Party Candidate Ballots
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Unconditional Union Waitman Willey 50 Elected
Unconditional Union Peter Van Winkle 22 19 23 26 33 46
Republican Archibald Campbell 27 26 22 22 15 12
Democratic Benjamin H. Smith 24 17 13 5 4 2
Democratic Daniel Lamb Not nominated 6 6 With.
Scattering 10 6 8 8 9 7
Total 133 68 66 67 67 67
Needed to win 35 35 34 34 34 34

Wisconsin

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin
1863 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
← 1857 January 22, 1863 1869 →
 
Nominee James R. Doolittle Edward G. Ryan
Party Republican Democratic
Legislative vote 73 57
Percentage 55.30% 43.18%
U.S. senator before election

James R. Doolittle
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

James R. Doolittle
Republican

Incumbent Republican senator James R. Doolittle was re-elected by the 16th Wisconsin Legislature on the first ballot, January 22, 1863.[5]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 20 seats would remain vacant due to Southern secession.
  2. ^ as Republican Conference Chair
  3. ^ a b c d e f Same party result in the regular and the special elections, although different winners
  4. ^ Also appointed as a Unionist to finish the current term
  5. ^ The U.S. congressional delegation from Missouri in the 38th Congress included six Emancipationists, (including three Immediate Emancipationists, two Emancipationists, and one Gradual Emancipationist,) two Democrats, and one Conservative Unionist.[49]
  6. ^ In 1819, 1825 and 1839, no U.S. Senator could be elected because nobody was nominated by either the Assembly or the State Senate due to stalemated votes.
  7. ^ The newspapers used at the time the terms "Republican", "Republican Union" and "Union" synonymously. Many, but not all, of these legislators had been elected on a Union ticket nominated by Republicans and War Democrats. The word Union also referred to those who supported the incumbent federal administration during the Civil War as opposed to both the Southern "Confederates", and the Anti-War Democrats, headed by Governor Horatio Seymour.
  8. ^ During the first ballot, members were allowed to cast two votes simultaneously, nearly doubling the number of votes in the election. However, the necessary threshold for election stood at a majority of members voting (35) rather than a majority of votes themselves (67), allowing Willey to win on the first ballot. On successive ballots, each member only cast one vote, as there remained only one seat left to fill.
  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Manual with rules and orders for the use of the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island. Rhode Island manual-1973/74. Providence Press Co.
  3. ^ a b c "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate - Special Election Race - Sep 05, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate Race - May 28, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Joint Convention". Journal of the Assembly of Wisconsin (Report). Wisconsin Legislature. 1863. pp. 85–86. Retrieved March 1, 2025 – via HathiTrust.
  6. ^ a b Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 581.
  7. ^ Thompson 1952, p. 114.
  8. ^
  9. ^ Hittell 1898, pp. 335–38.
  10. ^ "Election of Senator". Weekly Trinity Journal. February 21, 1863.
  11. ^ California 1863, pp. 197.
  12. ^ Hittell 1898, p. 338.
  13. ^ a b "At a caucus [...]". Litchfield Enquirer. May 22, 1862.
  14. ^ "The Legislature [...]". Litchfield Enquirer. May 29, 1862.
  15. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 582.
  16. ^ Delaware 1863, p. 58.
  17. ^ "Edward G. Bradford, Esq". Delaware State Journal. January 13, 1863.
  18. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 583.
  19. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 585.
  20. ^ Illinois 1863, p. 104.
  21. ^ Thornbrough 1995, p. 116, 185.
  22. ^ "From Indianapolis". Daily Evansville Journal. January 9, 1863.
  23. ^ Thornbrough 1995, p. 185.
  24. ^ Indiana 1863, p. 70.
  25. ^ Indiana 1863, pp. 71–72.
  26. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 589.
  27. ^ "Legislature of Maine". Portland Daily Press. January 14, 1863.
  28. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985.
  29. ^ Maryland 1862, pp. 735–36; Baker 1973, pp. 65, 79.
  30. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 590.
  31. ^ Donald 1970, pp. 76, 63, 75, 77–78.
  32. ^ Donald 1970, p. 79.
  33. ^ Smith 2006, p. 62.
  34. ^ Baum 1984, pp. 63–65.
  35. ^ "Charles Sumner". The Independent. January 22, 1863.
  36. ^ a b c Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 591.
  37. ^ "Election of United States Senator". Hillsdale Standard. January 7, 1862.
  38. ^ "The two Houses [...]". Grand Haven News. January 8, 1862.
  39. ^ a b "State Legislature". Cass County Republican. January 15, 1863.
  40. ^ Michigan 1863, pp. 16, 19–20.
  41. ^ "Senatorial Caucus". Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. January 16, 1863.
  42. ^ "Gov. Ramsey Nominated for Senator". Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. January 16, 1863.
  43. ^ Minnesota 1863, pp. 28–29.
  44. ^ Haugland 1961, p. 333.
  45. ^ a b c Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 592.
  46. ^ Parrish 1963, pp. 135–36.
  47. ^ Annual Cyclopaedia 1863, p. 595.
  48. ^ Parrish 1971, p. 94.
  49. ^ Evening Journal Almanac 1864, p. 51; Mering 1959, p. 222.
  50. ^ a b "From Missouri". New York Daily Tribune. January 17, 1863.
  51. ^ "Our St. Louis Letter". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 11, 1863.
  52. ^ a b Missouri 1863a, pp. 41–42.
  53. ^ a b c Parrish 1963, p. 172.
  54. ^ Parrish 1971, pp. 101, 103.
  55. ^ "The Radical Triumph in Missouri". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 18, 1863.
  56. ^ Parrish 1971, p. 104.
  57. ^ Missouri 1863a, p. 41.
  58. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 593.
  59. ^
  60. ^ Missouri 1863a, pp. 42, 52–53.
  61. ^ Missouri 1863a, p. 156.
  62. ^ "Missouri Senator". Daily National Intelligencer. February 4, 1863.
  63. ^ Missouri 1863a, pp. 156, 210.
  64. ^ Missouri 1863b, pp. 19.
  65. ^ Missouri 1863b, p. 20.
  66. ^ Missouri 1863b, p. 21.
  67. ^ "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 448–449. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.
  68. ^ "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 450. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.
  69. ^ Important from Albany – New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in The New York Times on January 17, 1863
  70. ^ Important from Albany – Mr. Callicott Elected Speaker in The New York Times on January 27, 1863
  71. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1863" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  72. ^ "PA US Senate - 1863". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  73. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 602.
  74. ^ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 603.

Bibliography

[edit]

Primary sources

[edit]

Secondary sources

[edit]
[edit]
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